Lesson 8.2: Core Concepts & Theories
Core concepts and theories form the foundation of any optional subject and are critical for scoring in UPSC Mains.
Sociology (Example):
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Social Structure: Caste, Class, Gender, Family, Community.
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Social Change & Development: Modernization, Urbanization, Globalization, Social Movements.
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Theories: Functionalism (Durkheim), Conflict Theory (Marx), Symbolic Interactionism (Mead).
Public Administration (Example):
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Organization Theories: Classical, Bureaucratic, Human Relations, Systems Approach.
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Administrative Theories: Scientific Management, Decision-Making Models, Leadership Theories.
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Governance Concepts: Accountability, Transparency, E-Governance, Policy Analysis.
Geography (Example):
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Physical Geography: Plate Tectonics, Geomorphology, Climatology.
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Human Geography: Population, Migration, Urbanization, Development.
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Environmental Geography: Biodiversity, Conservation, Sustainable Development.
Political Science & IR (Example):
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Political Theories: Liberalism, Marxism, Feminism, Realism, Institutionalism.
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Indian Politics: Constitution, Electoral System, Federalism, Governance.
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International Relations: Diplomacy, Globalization, Conflict Resolution, International Organizations.
Key Points for Revision:
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Focus on concept clarity before memorizing.
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Relate theories to current events and case studies.
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Practice diagrams, models, and flowcharts for better retention.
Example Question (Mains Practice):
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“Explain Marx’s theory of class conflict with contemporary Indian examples.”
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“Evaluate the role of e-governance in improving transparency in India.”
