Lesson 1.7 – Financial Functions (PMT, FV, NPV, IRR)
1. Introduction
Excel’s Financial Functions are used for loan calculations, investment planning, EMI schedules, and business forecasting.
These functions save time when working with interest rates, future values, and project profitability.
A. PMT Function
Purpose: Calculates the payment (EMI) for a loan based on interest rate, periods, and loan amount.
Syntax:
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rate → interest rate per period
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nper → total number of payment periods
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pv → present value (loan amount)
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fv (optional) → future value after last payment (default = 0)
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type (optional) → 0 for end of period, 1 for beginning
Example – Monthly EMI for ₹5,00,000 loan at 8% annual interest for 5 years
(Negative sign because it’s an outgoing payment)
B. FV Function
Purpose: Calculates the future value of an investment based on periodic payments and interest rate.
Syntax:
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Useful for savings and retirement planning.
Example – Future value of saving ₹5,000/month at 6% annual interest for 10 years
C. NPV Function
Purpose: Calculates the Net Present Value of an investment based on future cash flows and a discount rate.
Syntax:
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rate → discount rate per period
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Values must be in chronological order (excluding initial investment).
Example – NPV with 10% rate and yearly returns of ₹5,000, ₹7,000, ₹10,000
D. IRR Function
Purpose: Calculates the Internal Rate of Return for an investment based on a series of cash flows.
Syntax:
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values → range of cash flows (including negative initial investment)
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guess (optional) → estimated IRR (default = 0.1 or 10%)
Example – IRR for investment (-₹10,000) followed by ₹3,000, ₹4,000, ₹5,000
E. Key Points & Tips
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PMT gives negative results for payments because they are outflows.
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NPV assumes cash flows happen at end of each period.
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IRR is useful for comparing project profitability.
Practice Questions – Lesson 1.7
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Calculate the EMI for ₹8,00,000 loan at 9% annual interest for 7 years.
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Find the future value of saving ₹2,000/month at 7% annual interest for 15 years.
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Calculate the NPV for 12% discount rate with returns ₹4,000, ₹6,000, ₹8,000.
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Find the IRR for investment (-₹15,000) followed by ₹5,000, ₹6,000, ₹7,000.
